Machine-learning-guided discovery of SLC25A45 as a mediator of mitochondrial methylated amino acid import and carnitine synthesis

Artem Khan, Frederick S. Yen, Gokhan Unlu, Nicole L. DelGaudio, Ranya Erdal, Michael Xiao, Khando Wangdu, Kevin Cho, Eric R. Gamazon, Gary J. Patti, Kıvanç Birsoy,
Machine-learning-guided discovery of SLC25A45 as a mediator of mitochondrial methylated amino acid import and carnitine synthesis,
Cell Metabolism,
2025,
,
ISSN 1550-4131,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.09.015.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413125004346)
Abstract: Summary
Solute carriers (SLCs) regulate cellular and organismal metabolism by transporting small molecules and ions across membranes, yet the physiological substrates of ∼20% remain elusive. To address this, we developed a machine-learning platform to predict gene-metabolite associations. This approach identifies UNC93A and SLC45A4 as candidate plasma membrane transporters for acetylglucosamine and polyamines, respectively. Additionally, we uncover SLC25A45 as a mitochondrial transporter linked to serum levels of methylated basic amino acids, products of protein catabolism. Mechanistically, SLC25A45 is necessary for the mitochondrial import of methylated basic amino acids, including ADMA and TML, the latter serving as a precursor for carnitine synthesis. In line with this observation, SLC25A45 loss impairs carnitine synthesis and blunts upregulation of carnitine-containing metabolites under fasted conditions. By facilitating mitochondrial TML import, SLC25A45 connects protein catabolism to carnitine production, sustaining β-oxidation during fasting. Altogether, our study identifies putative substrates for three SLCs and provides a resource for transporter deorphanization.
Keywords: solute carrier transporters; mitochondrial metabolism; metabolomic GWAS; fasting; carnitine synthesis; SLC25A45; UNC93A; SLC45A4; polyamines; acetylglucosamine